Python OOP

 Here's a simple, clear explanation of Python Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts:

---

🧠 Core OOP Concepts in Python

1. Class

A blueprint for creating objects.

class Car:
    pass

---

2. Object

An instance of a class.

my_car = Car()
print(type(my_car))  # <class '__main__.Car'>

---

3. init Method (Constructor)

Used to initialize an object’s data (runs when object is created).

class Car:
    def __init__(self, brand, color):
        self.brand = brand
        self.color = color

my_car = Car("Toyota", "Red")
print(my_car.brand)  # Toyota

---

4. Self

Refers to the current object inside the class.

class Car:
    def __init__(self, brand):
        self.brand = brand  # self.brand is object’s variable

---

5. Method

Functions inside a class.

class Car:
    def __init__(self, brand):
        self.brand = brand

    def drive(self):
        print(f"{self.brand} is driving!")

car1 = Car("Honda")
car1.drive()  # Honda is driving!

---

6. Encapsulation

Hides internal details. You can make attributes private using _ or __.

class BankAccount:
    def __init__(self, balance):
        self.__balance = balance  # private variable

    def get_balance(self):
        return self.__balance

account = BankAccount(1000)
print(account.get_balance())  # 1000

---

7. Inheritance

A class can inherit properties from another class.

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        print("Animal speaks")

class Dog(Animal):
    def bark(self):
        print("Dog barks")

d = Dog()
d.speak()  # Inherited method
d.bark()

---

8. Polymorphism

Same method name, different behavior.

class Bird:
    def sound(self):
        print("Tweet")

class Cat:
    def sound(self):
        print("Meow")

for animal in (Bird(), Cat()):
    animal.sound()

---