Indian Polity & Governance

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1. Constitution, Parliament, and Judiciary

A. Constitution

The Constitution is the supreme law that defines the political principles, structures of government, and fundamental rights of citizens. It establishes the framework for governance and ensures the distribution of power among different organs of the state.

Key Features of the Constitution:

Preamble: An introductory statement outlining the objectives and values of the Constitution (Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity).

Fundamental Rights & Duties: Ensures basic freedoms and responsibilities of citizens.

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP): Guidelines for the government to achieve social and economic justice.

Separation of Powers: Divides government power into three organs – Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.


B. Parliament

Parliament is the legislative body responsible for making laws, overseeing governance, and representing the people. It consists of two houses:

Lok Sabha (House of the People): Members are directly elected by citizens. It plays a crucial role in lawmaking and controlling the government.

Rajya Sabha (Council of States): Members are indirectly elected by state legislatures. It represents states and provides revision to laws passed by the Lok Sabha.

President: A constitutional head who gives assent to bills passed by Parliament, making them laws.


Functions of Parliament:

Legislation: Passing new laws and amending existing ones.

Control over the Executive: Through questions, debates, and motions.

Financial Powers: Approval of the budget and taxation.

Representation: Expressing the will of the people.


C. Judiciary

The Judiciary interprets laws, protects fundamental rights, and ensures justice. It is independent of the Executive and Legislature.

Structure of the Judiciary:

Supreme Court: The highest judicial authority. It has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction.

High Courts: Function at the state level, hearing appeals from lower courts.

Subordinate Courts: District and lower courts dealing with civil and criminal cases.


Key Judicial Functions:

Judicial Review: The power to declare laws unconstitutional if they violate fundamental rights.

Public Interest Litigation (PIL): A tool allowing citizens to seek justice on public issues.

Fundamental Rights Protection: The court ensures the rights of citizens are upheld.



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2. Fundamental Rights and Duties

A. Fundamental Rights

Fundamental Rights are guaranteed by the Constitution to protect individuals from arbitrary state actions. They are:

1. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18): Prohibits discrimination and ensures equal treatment before the law.


2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22): Guarantees speech, assembly, movement, and personal liberty.


3. Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24): Prohibits human trafficking and child labor.


4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28): Ensures religious freedom and practice.


5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30): Protects the rights of minorities to maintain their culture and establish educational institutions.


6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32): Allows citizens to approach the Supreme Court for enforcement of their rights.



Restrictions on Fundamental Rights:

Rights are not absolute; reasonable restrictions exist in cases of national security, public order, and morality.


B. Fundamental Duties

Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) were added to the Constitution to remind citizens of their responsibilities. They include:

Respect for the Constitution, national flag, and national anthem.

Upholding the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of the country.

Promoting harmony and brotherhood among all communities.

Protecting public property and the environment.

Developing a scientific temper, humanism, and spirit of inquiry.


Though these duties are not legally enforceable, they act as moral obligations for citizens.


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3. Panchayati Raj and Public Policy

A. Panchayati Raj

Panchayati Raj is a decentralized system of governance in rural areas, ensuring local self-governance. It was constitutionalized through the 73rd Amendment Act (1992).

Three-Tier Structure of Panchayati Raj:

1. Gram Panchayat (Village Level): The smallest unit responsible for local development and welfare activities.


2. Panchayat Samiti (Block Level): Coordinates between Gram Panchayats and implements development schemes.


3. Zila Parishad (District Level): The highest tier that oversees and plans district-level development projects.



Significance of Panchayati Raj:

Empowers local communities in decision-making.

Improves grassroots democracy and accountability.

Enhances rural development and governance.


Challenges of Panchayati Raj:

Lack of financial independence.

Political interference.

Low awareness among rural populations.


B. Public Policy

Public Policy refers to the principles and actions taken by the government to address national and social issues. It involves:

Policy-Making Process:

1. Problem Identification: Recognizing issues like poverty, unemployment, or education gaps.


2. Policy Formulation: Drafting strategies to address problems.


3. Implementation: Executing policies through government agencies.


4. Evaluation: Assessing policy effectiveness and making improvements.



Examples of Public Policies:

Education Policy: Ensures quality education through initiatives like NEP (National Education Policy).

Health Policy: Focuses on improving public health infrastructure and services.

Economic Policy: Guides industrial growth, employment, and trade.


Public policy is dynamic and evolves based on socio-economic needs and governance priorities.



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