📅 15-Days Review: Key Grammar Concepts in Spanish

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📅 15-Days Review: Key Grammar Concepts in Spanish

🧠 1. Present Tense – Regular Verbs

In Spanish, verbs are categorized into three main groups:

  • -ar verbs (e.g., hablar – to talk)

  • -er verbs (e.g., comer – to eat)

  • -ir verbs (e.g., vivir – to live)

Conjugation Tip:

  • Regular verbs follow a consistent pattern in the present tense.

  • -ar verbs: drop -ar and add -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an.

  • -er verbs: drop -er and add -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en.

  • -ir verbs: drop -ir and add -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en.

Example:

  • Hablar (to speak) → yo hablo, tú hablas, él/ella habla...

🧠 2. Ser vs. Estar – To Be

  • Ser is used for permanent things, like identity, occupation, or origin (e.g., I am a student).

  • Estar is used for temporary conditions, like emotions, location, or ongoing actions (e.g., I am tired, I am in the park).

Tip:

  • Ser = characteristics, professions, origins

  • Estar = feelings, locations, progressive actions

🧠 3. Preterite Tense – Irregular Verbs

In Spanish, some verbs are irregular in the preterite tense, and they don’t follow the usual conjugation patterns.

Key Irregular Verbs:

  • ir / ser → fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron

  • tener → tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvisteis, tuvieron

  • hacer → hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicisteis, hicieron

  • venir → vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinisteis, vinieron

  • decir → dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijeron

Tip:

  • Action verbs in the preterite are often irregular, so you’ll need to memorize these forms.

🧠 4. Reflexive Verbs

These are verbs where the subject performs the action on itself (e.g., lavarse – to wash oneself). The reflexive pronouns are:

  • me, te, se, nos, os, se

Example:

  • Yo me lavo las manos → I wash my hands.

  • Ella se despierta temprano → She wakes up early.

🧠 5. The Future Tense (Ir + a + Infinitive)

For future plans or actions, use ir + a + infinitive (to go + to). This structure is simple and commonly used.

Example:

  • Voy a estudiar mañana → I am going to study tomorrow.

  • Ellos van a viajar a España → They are going to travel to Spain.

Tip:

  • This construction is more common in A1/A2 levels than conjugating the full future tense.

🧠 6. Adjective Agreement

Spanish adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe.

  • Masculine singular: rojo (red)

  • Feminine singular: roja (red)

  • Masculine plural: rojos (red)

  • Feminine plural: rojas (red)

Example:

  • El coche rojo → The red car (masculine singular)

  • Las flores rojas → The red flowers (feminine plural)

🧠 7. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns

In Spanish, object pronouns replace the direct or indirect objects in sentences.

Direct Object Pronouns (replace the object):

  • me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las

  • Example: Veo la película → La veo (I see the movie → I see it).

Indirect Object Pronouns (replace the person receiving the action):

  • me, te, le, nos, os, les

  • Example: Doy el libro a María → Le doy el libro (I give the book to María → I give her the book).

🧠 8. Possessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives show ownership and are used to indicate who owns what.

SubjectSingularPlural
yomi                     mis
tútutus
él/ellasusus
nosotrosnuestro/anuestros/as
vosotros     vuestro/a vuestros/as
ellossusus

Example:

  • Mi casa → My house

  • Tus libros → Your books

🧠 9. Making Questions

To make yes/no questions, invert the subject and verb or use a question word like qué (what), cómo (how), dónde (where), etc.

Example:

  • ¿Dónde vives? → Where do you live?

  • ¿Qué haces? → What do you do?

🧠 10. Common Phrases for Everyday Conversations

  • ¿Cómo estás? → How are you?

  • Estoy bien, gracias. → I am fine, thank you.

  • ¿Cuántos años tienes? → How old are you?

  • Tengo 20 años. → I am 20 years old.

  • ¿A qué hora es? → What time is it?

  • Es la una. → It’s one o’clock.


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🧠 1. The Subjunctive Mood (Present)

Though A1-A2 levels don’t require extensive use of the subjunctive mood, it’s helpful to get an introduction to it as you advance to intermediate levels. The subjunctive is used to express doubt, uncertainty, wishes, emotions, and hypothetical situations.

  • Structure: The present subjunctive is formed by taking the yo form of the verb in the present tense, dropping the -o, and adding the opposite ending.

    • -ar verbs: e, es, e, emos, éis, en

    • -er/-ir verbs: a, as, a, amos, áis, an

Example:

  • Esperar (to wait/hope):

    • Yo espere (I hope)

    • Tú esperes (You hope)

Tip:

  • Common verbs that trigger the subjunctive: esperar (to hope), dudar (to doubt), querer (to want), temer (to fear), etc.

🧠 2. Demonstrative Pronouns & Adjectives

Demonstratives are used to indicate specific things or people in relation to distance (this, that, these, those). They agree in gender and number with the noun they describe.

SingularMasculineFeminine
Thisesteesta
Thateseesa
That (far)       aquel                       aquella
Plural MasculineFeminine
These                 estos                   estas
Thoseesosesas
Those (far)aquellosaquellas

Example:

  • Este libro → This book (masculine, singular)

  • Esas chicas → Those girls (feminine, plural)

🧠 3. Verbs with Prepositions (Common Verb+Preposition Phrases)

Certain verbs require specific prepositions. These combinations can be tricky but essential for fluidity in conversation.

Examples:

  • Pensar en (to think about)

  • Soñar con (to dream of)

  • Consistir en (to consist of)

  • Enamorarse de (to fall in love with)

Tip:

  • Practice these prepositional phrases regularly as they appear often in everyday conversations.

🧠 4. Using "Por" vs. "Para"

Por and para are both translated as "for" in English, but they are used in different contexts.

Por:

  • Used for reasons, causes, time periods, or exchanges.

    • Example: Voy por la tienda → I am going to the store (destination).

    • Example: Trabajo por dinero → I work for money (reason).

Para:

  • Used for purposes, destinations, recipients, and deadlines.

    • Example: Este regalo es para ti → This gift is for you.

    • Example: Estudio para aprender → I study in order to learn.

🧠 5. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Comparatives express greater or lesser qualities between two things, and superlatives express the extreme quality of something.

Comparatives:

  • Más (more) and menos (less) + adjective

    • Ejemplo: Juan es más alto que Carlos → Juan is taller than Carlos.

Superlatives:

  • El/la/los/las más (the most) or el/la/los/las menos (the least)

    • Ejemplo: Este es el libro más interesante → This is the most interesting book.

🧠 6. Using “Gustar” and Similar Verbs

Gustar (to like) is one of the most challenging verbs for learners because it works differently in Spanish than in English. It’s actually used in a backward structure.

Structure:

  • A mí me gusta (I like) → literally, “To me, it pleases.”

  • A ti te gusta (You like)

  • A él/ella le gusta (He/she likes)

Example:

  • Me gusta el chocolate → I like chocolate.

  • Te gustan las películas → You like movies.

🧠 7. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns – Combined

In Spanish, you often combine direct and indirect object pronouns when they appear together in the same sentence.

Example:

  • Te lo doy → I give it to you.
    (te = indirect object, lo = direct object)

🧠 8. Using "Hace + Time" for Present Action

You can use hace + time expression to describe how long something has been happening.

  • Hace + period of time + que + present tense

    • Hace tres años que estudio español → I have been studying Spanish for three years.

🌟 Next Steps for Advancing in Spanish:

  1. Read more in Spanish: Try simple books or short stories for beginners.

  2. Watch Spanish shows with subtitles to improve listening comprehension.

  3. Practice speaking with native speakers or through language exchange apps.

  4. Explore more grammar topics as you approach an intermediate level, like the subjunctive and future tense.


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